Killing vector fields of locally rotationally symmetric Bianchi type V spacetime.

The classification of locally rotationally symmetric Bianchi type V spacetime based on its killing vector fields is presented in this paper using an algebraic method. In this approach, a Maple algorithm is employed to transform the Killing's equations into a reduced evolutive form. Subsequently, the integration of the Killing's equations is carried out subject to the constraints provided by the algorithm. The algorithm demonstrates that there exist fifteen distinct metrics that could potentially possess Killing vector fields. Upon solving the Killing equations for all fifteen metrics, it is observed that seven out of the fifteen metrics exclusively exhibit the minimum number of Killing vector fields. The remaining eight metrics admit a varying number of Killing vector fields, specifically 6, 7, or 10. The Kretschmann scalar has been computed for each of the obtained metrics, revealing that all of them possess a finite Kretschmann scalar and thus exhibit regular behavior.

Managing pregnancy-related stroke risk with known bilateral internal carotid artery webs.

Carotid webs are intraluminal shelf-like projections caused by thickening of the arterial tunica intima. Due to their projections forming a nidus for thrombus formation and subsequent embolus, they are considered to be a rare cause of ischaemic strokes. We report a case of a woman with a background of recurrent ischaemic strokes due to bilateral carotid webs who presented with a twin pregnancy. We use this case to discuss how her pregnancy-related stroke risk was subsequently medically managed.

Melatonin-Mediated Molecular Responses in Plants: Enhancing Stress Tolerance and Mitigating Environmental Challenges in Cereal Crop Production.

Cereal crops are crucial for global food security; however, they are susceptible to various environmental stresses that significantly hamper their productivity. In response, melatonin has emerged as a promising regulator, offering potential benefits for stress tolerance and crop growth. This review explores the effects of melatonin on maize, sorghum, millet, rice, barley, and wheat, aiming to enhance their resilience to stress. The application of melatonin has shown promising outcomes, improving water use efficiency and reducing transpiration rates in millet under drought stress conditions. Furthermore, it enhances the salinity and heavy metal tolerance of millet by regulating the activity of stress-responsive genes. Similarly, melatonin application in sorghum enhances its resistance to high temperatures, low humidity, and nutrient deficiency, potentially involving the modulation of antioxidant defense and aspects related to photosynthetic genes. Melatonin also exerts protective effects against drought, salinity, heavy metal, extreme temperatures, and waterlogging stresses in maize, wheat, rice, and barley crops by decreasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production through regulating the antioxidant defense system. The molecular reactions of melatonin upregulated photosynthesis, antioxidant defense mechanisms, the metabolic pathway, and genes and downregulated stress susceptibility genes. In conclusion, melatonin serves as a versatile tool in cereal crops, bolstering stress resistance and promoting sustainable development. Further investigations are warranted to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms and refine application techniques to fully harness the potential role of melatonin in cereal crop production systems.

Investigating the teratogenic potential of diclofenac sodium on chick embryos: A warning for pregnant women.

Teratogenic and embryotoxic effect of diclofenac sodium (DS) on different developmental stages of the chick-embryos was investigated by examining different parameters such as its mortality rate, hatching, morphological measurements, weighing its internal organs and calculation of different indices. Experiment was divided into four trials with different dose (0.1 mL, 0.2 mL, 0.3 mL in groups A, B, and C, respectively and group D received 0.3 mL saline solution (0.9% NaCl) and group E remained un-injected) administration and observation. Results of first and second trial showed statistically (p<0.01) significant difference in bodyweight, body-length, forelimb and hindlimb length between experimental and control groups. In third trial, diclofenac sodium administration showed a statistically (p<0.01) significant difference in the bodyweight, body-length, forelimb, hindlimb length, liver weight, egg weight (EE ratio) and kidney somatic index (KSI). The beak-size, heart weight, kidney weight, cardiac somatic index (CSI) and hepato somatic index (HSI) were not significant (p>0.05) when compared with the control groups. In trial 4, forelimb, hindlimb length, heart weight, CSI and HSI were statistically (p<0.01) significant. Body-length and liver weight were significant (p<0.05). While bodyweight, beak size, kidney weight and KSI were non-significant (p>0.05). The mortality rate was increased with increase dose of DS and also affected the hatching. DS effect on chick embryos can be applied to humans because the early development of mammals and birds are closely related. So, it was concluded that DS should be used with caution during pregnancy especially during first trimester of pregnancy.

Spatial variation in iodine content with relation to soil physicochemical properties in lower Himalayan region.

Topography of a place has a significant impact on soil characteristics that ultimately influence soil iodine levels. Lower Himalayan region (LHR) in Pakistan has a wide range of climatic and geological variations. Hence, an investigation was conducted to analyze the iodine concentration and other physicochemical properties of soils in two LHR districts, Haripur and Mansehra. Spatial analysis indicated a decrease in iodine levels in the mountainous regions in comparison to the flat portions of LHR. Soil samples obtained from different locations across Haripur had a stronger affinity for iodine due to variations in solubility and adsorption of iodine to soil clay components, which can be attributed to lower pH, higher organic matter, and a higher cation exchange capacity (CEC). In contrast to the plains of Haripur, elevated locations in the Mansehra district had decreased levels of iodine, along with a higher soil pH and reduced soil organic matter. The soil erosion and depletion of soil micronutrients in the hilly region of Mansehra may be attributed to the unfavorable soil conditions and excessive precipitation. Presence of clay, iron (Fe), and aluminum (Al) in the soil led to a rise in iodine levels. Iodine concentrations exhibited an inverse relationship with soil acidity. Study revealed a direct correlation between soil iodine levels and their cation exchange capacity (CEC) and clay content. This study aims to gather fundamental data for the chosen regions of LHR to address illnesses caused by iodine deficiency.

The corrosion behavior of low carbon steel (AISI 1010) influenced by grain size through microstructural mechanical.

Low-carbon steel (AISI 1010) is the predominant material used in industrial food processing equipment. Such equipment is vulnerable to the corrosive environment produced by various production stages. Different processes, such as sulphonation and carbonation, are used in the processing of sugar in the sugar industry, creating a corrosive atmosphere. The corrosion behavior of low carbon steel (AISI 1010) is strongly influenced by grain size variations, which in turn affect the microstructural mechanical properties of the material. The mechanical behavior and performance of metallic materials, including their corrosion resistance, is determined by grain size which is an important parameter for this phenomena. The impact of low-carbon steel (AISI 1010) microstructure on corrosion behavior is discussed in this work. Heat treatment produces two different types of microstructure from the same material, which are then analyzed. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) have both been used to study characteristics including morphology and content. By supplying an appropriate corrosive medium, the corrosion performance of several microstructures of low-carbon steel (AISI 1010) was assessed, and corrosion rates were calculated using weight-loss and electrochemical techniques. Results show that the creation of a protective coating with a higher charge transfer resistance is caused by the adsorption process. The variety in phases and grain sizes may contribute to the corrosion stability of different microstructures, and as a result, the corrosion rate lowers as average grain sizes are reduced. Employing the galvanic effect, pearlite increases the rate of ferrite corrosion. The study's findings support the notion that quenching low-carbon steel (AISI 1010) results in a finer grain structure and greater corrosion resistance.

Chemical composition and antimicrobial study of Crossobamon orientalis body oil.

Geckos and their products have been used in Asian traditional medicine. Medicinal properties of desert-dwelling Gecko species, Crossobamon orientalis remain unexplored. In this study, natural bioactive macromolecules present in oil extracted from C. orientalis (COO) and their biological activities were evaluated. Chemical constitution of COO was explored by using gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Antioxidant, antiviral, and antibacterial activities of COO extracts were assessed using various assays, including DPPH free-radical-protocol, HET-CAM method, in ovo-antiviral technique, and disc-diffusion method. GC-MS study reported 40 different compounds in COO. n-hexane and methanol extracts of COO demonstrated highest DPPH radical inhibition, with values of 70 and 63.3%, respectively. Extracts of COO in solvents, namely 1-butanol, methanol, diethyl ether, and n-hexane significantly inhibited the proliferation of four pathogenic viruses. Maximum zone of inhibition was observed for Escherichia coli (13.65 ± 0.57 mm). These findings suggest that COO possesses potent antioxidant and antimicrobial properties against viral and bacterial strains, thanks to its biologically active components having no side effects. Further studies are essential to isolate and identify individual bioactive compounds present in COO and to investigate their potential as therapeutic agents.

The Global Impact of COVID-19: A Comprehensive Analysis of Its Effects on Various Aspects of Life.

In this study COVID-19 effects on different aspects of life that how this virus created a mess in every discipline of life starting from a small tuck shop of a street to a huge business with a chain between different countries; and some preventive measures are also suggested. Not only mental healthiness as well as physical health of people was also disturbed to a large extent. People being quarantined did not do any practice and had nothing to do, their boredom made them mentally and physically inactive. For minimization the effect of this pandemic on mental healthiness, interventions were practiced and psychological support systems were developed to help mentally effected people; on the other hand, to improve physical health the hospital workers worked day and night in return they got affected too either mentally or physically. Many of the youngsters started alcohol consumption during quarantine. Because of the closure of educational institutes, the students were sent back to their homes where there was no proper guidance for them and they lost their interests in studies; and in a sense educational impact of COVID-19 was also unbearable. Agricultural system was affected badly and the whole world passed through a huge economic loss. The flights and traffic were blocked throughout the world, and it is the only positive impact that COVID-19 led to the environment by improving water and air quality as there was a remarkable reduction in the emission of greenhouse gases.

YGL3 Encoding an IPP and DMAPP Synthase Interacts with OsPIL11 to Regulate Chloroplast Development in Rice.

As the source of isoprenoid precursors, the plastidial methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway plays an essential role in plant development. Here, we report a novel rice (Oryza sativa L.) mutant ygl3 (yellow-green leaf3) that exhibits yellow-green leaves and lower photosynthetic efficiency compared to the wild type due to abnormal chloroplast ultrastructure and reduced chlorophyll content. Map-based cloning showed that YGL3, one of the major genes involved in the MEP pathway, encodes 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase, which is localized in the thylakoid membrane. A single base substitution in ygl3 plants resulted in lower 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase activity and lower contents of isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) compared to the wild type. The transcript levels of genes involved in the syntheses of chlorophyll and thylakoid membrane proteins were significantly reduced in the ygl3 mutant compared to the wild type. The phytochrome interacting factor-like gene OsPIL11 regulated chlorophyll synthesis during the de-etiolation process by directly binding to the promoter of YGL3 to activate its expression. The findings provides a theoretical basis for understanding the molecular mechanisms by which the MEP pathway regulate chloroplast development in rice.

The elite eating quality alleles Wxb and ALKb are regulated by OsDOF18 and coordinately improve head rice yield.

Head rice yield (HRY) measures rice milling quality and determines final grain yield and commercial value. Here, we report that two major quantitative trait loci for milling quality in rice, qMq-1 and qMq-2, represent allelic variants of Waxylv /Waxyb (hereafter Wx) encoding Granule-Bound Starch Synthase I (GBSSI) and Alkali Spreading Value ALKc /ALKb encoding Soluble Starch Synthase IIa (SSIIa), respectively. Complementation and overexpression transgenic lines in indica and japonica backgrounds confirmed that Wx and ALK coordinately regulate HRY by affecting amylose content, the number of amylopectin branches, amyloplast size, and thus grain filling and hardness. The transcription factor OsDOF18 acts upstream of Wx and ALK by activating their transcription. Furthermore, rice accessions with Wxb and ALKb alleles showed improved HRY over those with Wxlv and ALKc . Our study not only reveals the novel molecular mechanism underlying the formation of HRY but also provides a strategy for breeding rice cultivars with improved HRY.

Insight into microplastics in the aquatic ecosystem: Properties, sources, threats and mitigation strategies.

Globally recognized as emergent contaminants, microplastics (MPs) are prevalent in aquaculture habitats and subject to intense management. Aquaculture systems are at risk of microplastic contamination due to various channels, which worsens the worldwide microplastic pollution problem. Organic contaminants in the environment can be absorbed by and interact with microplastic, increasing their toxicity and making treatment more challenging. There are two primary sources of microplastics: (1) the direct release of primary microplastics and (2) the fragmentation of plastic materials resulting in secondary microplastics. Freshwater, atmospheric and marine environments are also responsible for the successful migration of microplastics. Until now, microplastic pollution and its effects on aquaculture habitats remain insufficient. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review of the impact of microplastics on aquatic ecosystems. It highlights the sources and distribution of microplastics, their physical and chemical properties, and the potential ecological consequences they pose to marine and freshwater environments. The paper also examines the current scientific knowledge on the mechanisms by which microplastics affect aquatic organisms and ecosystems. By synthesizing existing research, this review underscores the urgent need for effective mitigation strategies and further investigation to safeguard the health and sustainability of aquatic ecosystems.

Imputation of missing daily rainfall data; A comparison between artificial intelligence and statistical techniques.

Handling missing values is a critical component of the data processing in hydrological modeling. The key objective of this research is to assess statistical techniques (STs) and artificial intelligence-based techniques (AITs) for imputing missing daily rainfall values and recommend a methodology applicable to the mountainous terrain of northern Thailand. In this study, 30 years of daily rainfall data was collected from 20 rainfall stations in northern Thailand and randomly 25-35 % of data was deleted from four target stations based on Spearman correlation coefficient between the target and neighboring stations. Imputation models were developed on training and testing datasets and statistically evaluated by mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), coefficient of determination (R2), and correlation coefficient (r). This study used STs, including arithmetic averaging (AA), multiple linear regression (MLR), normal-ratio (NR), nonlinear iterative partial least squares (NIPALS) algorithm, and linear interpolation was used.•STs results were compared with AITs, including long-short-term-memory recurrent neural network (LSTM-RNN), M5 model tree (M5-MT), multilayer perceptron neural networks (MLPNN), support vector regression with polynomial and radial basis function SVR-poly and SVR-RBF.•The findings revealed that MLR imputation model achieved an average MAE of 0.98, RMSE of 4.52, and R2 was about 79.6 % at all target stations. On the other hand, for the M5-MT model, the average MAE was 0.91, RMSE was about 4.52, and R2 was around 79.8 % compared to other STs and AITs. M5-MT was most prominent among AITs. Notably, the MLR technique stood out as a recommended approach due to its ability to deliver good estimation results while offering a transparent mechanism and not necessitating prior knowledge for model creation.

Multi-omics analysis revealed the selective enrichment of partial denitrifying bacteria for the stable coupling of partial-denitrification and anammox process under the influence of low strength magnetic field.

The microbial consortium involving anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) and partial denitrification (PD), known as PD-anammox, is an emerging energy-efficient and lower carbon nitrogen removal process from wastewater. However, maintaining a stable PD process by locking nitrate reduction until nitrite was challenging. This study established the first stable connection of anammox with constant nitrite generation by PD bacteria under a low-strength (1.3 mT) magnetic field (MF). When the nitrogen loading rate was 1.81 kg-N/m3/d, the nitrogen removal efficiency of the control reactor (R1) was 75%, lower than that of the experimental reactor (R2), which was 85%. The expression of Thauera and Zoogloea, potential PD bacteria was substantially lower in R1 (5.75% and 1.21%, respectively) than in R2 (10.25 and 6.61%, respectively), according to a meta-transcriptomic analysis. At the same time, the mRNA expression of anammox genera Candidatus Brocadia and Candidatus Kuenenia was 33.53% and 3.83% in R1 and 22.86% and 1.87% in R2. Moreover, carbon and nitrogen metabolism pathways were more abundant under the influence of low-strength MF. The selective enrichment of PD bacteria can be attributed to the increased expression of carbon metabolic pathways like the citrate cycle, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and pyruvate metabolism. Interestingly, the control reactor was dominated by a hydroxylamine-dependent anammox process while a low-strength MF-enhanced nitric-oxide-dependent anammox process. For successful anammox-centered nitrogen removal from wastewater, this study demonstrated that low-strength MF is a convenient and applicable technique to lock the nitrate reduction until nitrite.

Bulk industrial production of sustainable cellulosic printing fabric using agricultural waste to reduce the impact of climate change.

In this research paper, a novel process was developed for reactive printing of cotton fabric, with the objective of producing a high-quality printed fabric that is sustainable, eco-friendly, and low-cost which will ultimately reduce the impact of climate change. The study incorporated substituted tamarind polysaccharide (STP) obtained from agricultural waste, trichloro-ethanoic acid (TCEA), and polyethylene glycol (PEG-400) in the reactive printing paste. Tamarind starch was extracted from the seeds having 72 % yield, and substitution was performed to use it as a thickener in the printing paste. The conventional printing system was formulated with sodium alginate, urea, and sodium bicarbonate at dose levels of 2 %, 15 %, and 2.5 %, respectively, while the modified recipe was formulated with STP and TCEA at 5 % and 3 % dose levels, respectively along with varying doses of PEG-400 (0 %, 1 %, and 2 %) in novel prints. Various factors such as shade comparison, penetration, staining on the white ground, washing, rubbing, light and perspiration fastness, sharpness of edges, and fabric hardness were evaluated for all the recipes. The study demonstrated that the optimal outcomes were obtained with a 2 % PEG-400 dose level. This study represents a significant contribution to sustainable textile production, as tamarind agriculture waste was used as a raw material, which is an environmentally friendly alternative of sodium alginate that reduces the wastewater load. Additionally, PEG-400 was utilized as a nitrogen-free solubilizing moisture management substitution of urea for printing, while TCEA dissociated at high temperature to make alkaline pH during curing of the printed fabric to replace sodium bicarbonate. This research is a novel contribution to the printing industry, as these three constituents have not been previously used together other than this research group, in the history of reactive printing.

CRISPR-Cas System, a Possible "Savior" of Rice Threatened by Climate Change: An Updated Review.

Climate change has significantly affected agriculture production, particularly the rice crop that is consumed by almost half of the world's population and contributes significantly to global food security. Rice is vulnerable to several abiotic and biotic stresses such as drought, heat, salinity, heavy metals, rice blast, and bacterial blight that cause huge yield losses in rice, thus threatening food security worldwide. In this regard, several plant breeding and biotechnological techniques have been used to raise such rice varieties that could tackle climate changes. Nowadays, gene editing (GE) technology has revolutionized crop improvement. Among GE technology, CRISPR/Cas (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/CRISPR-associated protein) system has emerged as one of the most convenient, robust, cost-effective, and less labor-intensive system due to which it has got more popularity among plant researchers, especially rice breeders and geneticists. Since 2013 (the year of first application of CRISPR/Cas-based GE system in rice), several trait-specific climate-resilient rice lines have been developed using CRISPR/Cas-based GE tools. Earlier, several reports have been published confirming the successful application of GE tools for rice improvement. However, this review particularly aims to provide an updated and well-synthesized brief discussion based on the recent studies (from 2020 to present) on the applications of GE tools, particularly CRISPR-based systems for developing CRISPR rice to tackle the current alarming situation of climate change, worldwide. Moreover, potential limitations and technical bottlenecks in the development of CRISPR rice, and prospects are also discussed.

Optimization and Validation of Reverse Transcription Recombinase-Aided Amplification (RT-RAA) for Sorghum Mosaic Virus Detection in Sugarcane.

Sorghum mosaic virus (SrMV) causes sugarcane mosaic disease and has significant adverse economic impacts on the cultivation of sugarcane. This study aimed to develop a rapid isotherm nucleic acid amplification method for detecting SrMV. Specific primers were designed to target the conserved region of the P3 gene of SrMV. The reverse transcription recombinase-aided amplification (RT-RAA) method was developed by screening primers and optimizing reaction conditions. Comparative analyses with RT-PCR demonstrated that the RT-RAA method exhibited superior specificity, sensitivity, and reliability for SrMV detection. Notably, using a standard plasmid diluted 10-fold continuously as a template, the sensitivity of RT-RAA was 100-fold higher than that of RT-PCR. Moreover, the RT-RAA reaction displayed flexibility in a temperature range of 24-49 °C, eliminating the need for expensive and complex temperature control equipment. Thus, this method could be utilized at ambient or even human body temperature. Within a short duration of 10 min at 39 °C, the target sequence of SrMV could be effectively amplified. Specificity analysis revealed no cross-reactivity between SrMV and other common sugarcane viruses detected via the RT-RAA. With its high sensitivity, rapid reaction time, and minimal equipment requirements, this method presents a promising diagnostic tool for the reliable and expedited detection of SrMV. Furthermore, it indicates broad applicability for successfully detecting other sugarcane viruses.

6-Aminoflavone Activates Nrf2 to Inhibit the Phospho-JNK/TNF-α Signaling Pathway to Reduce Amyloid Burden in an Aging Mouse Model.

In the current study, we examined the antioxidant activity and anti-amyloidogenic potential of 6-aminoflavone in an adult mice model of d-galactose-induced aging. Male albino eight-week-old mice were assigned into four groups: 1. the control group (saline-treated), 2. d-galactose-treated mice (100 mg/kg/day, intravenously) for eight weeks, 3. d-galactose-treated mice (100 mg/kg/day, intravenously for eight weeks) and 6-AF-treated mice (30 mg/kg/day, intravenously for the final four weeks), and 4. 6-AF-treated mice (30 mg/kg/day i.p. for four weeks). We conducted many assays for antioxidant enzymes, including lipid peroxidation, catalase, glutathione (GSH), peroxidase (POD), and sulfoxide dismutase (SOD) (LPO). Western blotting was used to assess protein expression while the Morris water maze (MWM) and Y-maze (YM) were used to study behavior. The findings show that 6-AF greatly improved neuronal synapse and memory impairment brought on by d-galactose and it significantly inhibited BACE1 to reduce the amyloidogenic pathway of A (both amyloid ß production and aggregation) by upregulating Nrf2 proteins (validated through molecular docking studies) and suppressing phosphorylated JNK and TNF-α proteins in adult albino mice's brain homogenates. These findings suggest that 6-AF, through the Nrf2/p-JNK/TNF-α signaling pathway, can diminish the oxidative stress caused by d-galactose, as well as the amyloidogenic route of A formation and memory impairment.

Comparative study on the toxic effects of secondary nanoplastics from biodegradable and conventional plastics on Streptomyces coelicolor M145.

Because of the excellent properties, plastics have been widely used in the past decades and caused serious environmental issues. As an excellent substitute for conventional plastics, the biodegradable plastics have attracted increasing attention. However, biodegradable plastics may produce more micro/nanoplastics in the short time compared with conventional plastics, and cause more serious ecological risks. In this study, the short-term toxicity of nanoplastics released from biodegradable and conventional plastics on Streptomyces coelicolor M145 was investigated. After 30 days of degradation, the biodegradable microplastics, polylactic acid (PLA) and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) released more secondary nanoplastics than conventional microplastics, polystyrene (PS). After exposure, PLA and PHA nanoplastics showed significant toxicity to M145. The survival rate of M145 cells was 16.1% after treatment with PLA nanoplastics for 7 days (PLA-7). The toxicity of PHA was lower than that of PLA. This might have been due to the agglomeration of PHA nanoplastics in the solution. Compared with the controls, the PS secondary nanoplastics showed no significant toxicity to M145. After the treatment, the production of antibiotics, actinorhodin (ACT) and undecylprodigiosin (RED), significantly increased. The yields of ACT and RED reached their maximum values after treatment with PLA-7, which were 4.2-fold and 2.1-fold higher than those of the controls, respectively. The addition of biodegradable nanoplastics significantly increased the expression of these key pathway-specific regulatory genes, leading to increased antibiotic production. This study provides toxicological insights into the impacts of conventional and biodegradable microplastics on S. coelicolor.

Co-application of chitooligosaccharides and arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi reduced greenhouse gas fluxes in saline soil by improving the rhizosphere microecology of soybean.

Soil salinization can affect the ecological environment of soil and alter greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Chitooligosaccharides and Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) reduced the GHG fluxes of salinized soil, and this reduction was attributed to an alteration in the rhizosphere microecology, including changes in the activities of ß-glucosidase, acid phosphatase, N-acetyl-ß-D-glucosidase, and Leucine aminopeptidase. Additionally, certain bacteria species such as paracoccus, ensifer, microvirga, and paracyclodium were highly correlated with GHG emissions. Another interesting finding is that foliar spraying of chitooligosaccharides could transport to the soybean root system, and improve soybean tolerance to salt stress. This is achieved by enhancing the activities of antioxidant enzymes, and the changes in amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, and membrane transport. Importantly, the Co-application of chitooligosaccharides and Arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi was found to have a greater effect compared to their application alone.